How to Measure

1. Disconnect the speaker from the amplifier.
2. Measure and record the open-circuit voltage (V_open) of the amplifier output using a multimeter.
3. Connect a test load (e.g., a resistor matching the speaker's impedance, such as 8Ω) to the amplifier output.
4. Measure and record the loaded voltage (V_loaded) across the test load.
5. Input the measured values and the speaker's impedance into the calculator above.
6. The calculator will display the amplifier's output impedance (Z_amp) and the damping factor (DF).